Cardiac surgery, also called heart surgery, involves surgical operations performed on the heart under to correct life-threatening conditions by Cardiologists. The surgery can be either open-heart surgery or minimally invasive surgery depending on the condition to be corrected. The purpose of cardiac surgery is to improve the quality of life of the patient and to extend the patient's lifespan.

Neurosurgery mainly focuses on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. It constitutes a medical discipline and surgical specialty that provides care for adult and pediatric patients in the treatment of pain or pathological processes that may modify the function or activity of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, the supporting structures of these systems, and their vascular supply by Neurologists.

Orthopedic surgery is the branch of surgery deals with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system by Orthopedic surgeons. They use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders.

ENT Surgery is the branch of surgery concerned with the medical and surgical treatment of the ears, nose and throat by ENT Surgeons. Their skills include diagnosing and managing diseases of the sinuses, larynx (voice box), oral cavity, and upper pharynx (mouth and throat) and adjacent structures of the head and neck.

Plastic Surgery is a surgical area that deals with renovation of body and facial defects because of birth ailments, injuries and trauma. It is also involved with the enhancement of the appearance of a person through cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgery is used to correct physical imperfections and to rebuild parts of the body that have been damaged by trauma or disease by the Plastic Surgeons. 

Microsurgery is a general term for surgery requires an operating microscope. The most obvious advances have been procedures established to allow anastomosis of successively smaller blood vessels and nerves (typically 1 mm in diameter) which have allowed transfer of tissue from one part to another part of the body and re-attachment of severed parts. Microsurgical techniques are utilized by several specialties, such as: general surgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, gynecological surgery, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, podiatric surgery and pediatric surgery.

Colorectal surgery is a division of surgery, dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, but the latter term is now used infrequently within medicine, and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. It repairs injury to the colon, rectum, and anus over a variety of procedures that may have little or great long-term consequence to the patient. It may also involve surgery to the pelvic floor to repair hernias. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists.

Transplant surgery is done for ailments that have not improved with other medical treatments and have led to organ failure. Transplant surgery is generally reserved for people with end-stage disease who have no other options. Before transplant surgery it is needed to know the patient's age, general physical condition, diagnosis and stage of the disease. Transplant surgery is not recommended for patients who have poor leg circulation, cancer or chronic infections, liver, lung or kidney problems.

Vein ligation and stripping is a minor surgery. It is used to take out a damaged vein and avoid complications of vein damage. If several valves in a vein and the vein itself are severely damaged, the vein is removed. An incision is made below the damaged vein, a stretchy device is threaded up the vein to the first incision and then the vein is gripped and detached. Through this surgery, one or more than one incisions are made over the damaged veins, and the vein is tied off. During surgery in case the ligation cuts off a defective valve and the vein and valves below the defective valve are healthy, the vein may be left in place to continue circulating blood through other veins that still have valves that work well.

Surgery is the ancient form of cancer treatment, and for most patients, part of the curative plan includes surgery. The goals of the surgical oncologist are to remove the cancer and an area of healthy tissue surrounding it, also known as a clear margin or clear excision, in order to avert the cancer from recurring in that area. Sometimes it is not possible to remove the whole tumor, and a surgery known as "debulking" is done to remove as much of the tumor as possible and to relieve indications such as airway obstruction, pain, or bleeding. However the influence of the surgical oncologist goes beyond what is done on the day of surgery itself. As part of the multidisciplinary care team, he or she provides expert opinion about biopsy techniques, optimal image guidance, the likelihood of achieving clear margins, and what role there is if any for surgical management of more advanced disease.

Bariatric surgery is performed on the stomach or intestine to relief an individual with extreme obesity loses weight. Bariatric surgery is a preference for people who have a body mass index (BMI) above 40. It is also an option for people with a BMI between 35 and 40 who have health problems like type II diabetes or heart disease. Two basic types of bariatric surgeries are there: restrictive surgeries and malabsorptive surgeries. Restrictive surgeries work by physically restricting the size of the stomach and slowing down digestion. Malabsorptive surgery is more offensive surgery in addition to reducing the size of the stomach, remove portions of the digestive tract, interfering with absorption of calories.

Urology surgery is the incorporation of surgical actions for the pelvis-the colon, gynecological organs, urogenital and mostly for the treatment of obstacles, dysfunction, malignancies, and inflammatory ailments. Urology has usually been on the cutting edge of surgical technology in the field of medicine, including minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic surgery, laser-assisted surgeries, and a host of other scope-guided procedures by Urologists. They have practice in open and minimally invasive surgical practices, employing real-time ultrasound guidance, fiber-optic endoscopic tools and several lasers in the treatment of multiple benign and malignant conditions.

Laparoscopic surgery is a specific technique for performing surgery was commonly used for gall bladder surgery and for gynecologic surgery. Over the last 10 years the use of this technique has expanded into intestinal surgery. In traditional “open” surgery the surgeon uses a single incision to enter into the abdomen. Laparoscopic surgery uses several 0.5-1cm incisions. Each incision is called a “port” and at each port a tubular instrument known as a trochar is inserted.  Specialized instruments and a special camera known as a laparoscope are passed through the trochars during the procedure. In this procedure, at first the abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas to provide a working and viewing space for the surgeon. The laparoscope transmits images from the abdominal cavity to high-resolution video monitors in the operating room. During the operation the surgeon watches detailed images of the abdomen on the monitor. This system permits the surgeon to achieve the same operations as traditional surgery but with smaller incisions. 

Gynecological surgery is a branch of surgery performed on the female reproductive which includes techniques for benign conditions, cancer, infertility, and incontinence. Gynecologic laparoscopy is an alternative to open surgery. It uses a laparoscope to look inside your pelvic area. Open surgery often requires a large incision. Gynecology Surgery may occasionally be performed for elective or cosmetic purposes by the Gynecologists.

Eye surgery is also known as ocular surgery performed on eye or its adnexa by ophthalmologists. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires extreme care before, during, and after a surgical procedure. An expert ophthalmologist is responsible for selecting the suitable surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the essential safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts. Today it continues to be a widely practiced type of surgery, having developed various techniques for treating eye problems.

Laser surgery is a type of surgery that uses a laser to cut tissue or remove a surface lesion such as a skin tumor. There are a number of different types of lasers that differ in emitted light wavelengths and power ranges and in their ability to clot, cut, or vaporize tissue. The frequently used lasers are the YAG laser, the pulsed-dye laser, the argon laser, the CO2 laser, the excimer laser, the KTP laser, and the diode laser. Laser surgery is commonly used on the eye. Methods used include LASIK, which is used to correct near and far-sightedness in vision, and photorefractive keratectomy, a procedure which permanently reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser to remove a small amount of the human tissue.

Hand surgery is the field of medicine which comprises the preservation, investigation and renovation by surgical, medical, and rehabilitative means of entire structures of the upper extreme directly affecting the procedure and function of the hand and wrist. For certain hand injuries, a better result can be achieved with arthroscopic surgery obtained by the highly skilled surgeons. In fact it is a minimally invasive method that permits specialists to analyse hand injuries or disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, without making large incisions.

Craniofacial surgery is the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery and plastic and reconstructive surgery that deals with congenital and acquired deformities of the skull, head, neck, face, jaws and associated structures. Though craniofacial treatment frequently comprises manipulation of bone, craniofacial surgery is not tissue-specific. Craniofacial surgeons deal with skin, bone, muscle, nerve, teeth, and other related anatomy. Defects typically treated by craniofacial surgeons include rare craniofacial clefts, cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, acute and chronic sequellae of facial fractures, micrognathia, Treacher Collins Syndrome, Apert's Syndrome, Craniofacial microsomia, Crouzon's Syndrome, microtia and other congenital ear anomalies, and many others.

Vascular surgery is the branch of surgery in which surgery is performed by medical therapy, surgical reconstruction and minimally-invasive catheter procedures diseases of the vascular system, veins, arteries and lymphatic circulation. The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery as well as minimally invasive techniques pioneered by interventional radiology. Vascular surgeons are trained for diagnosing the diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system excluding those of the heart and brain. Cardiothoracic surgeons and interventional cardiologists manage diseases of the heart vessels. Neurosurgeons and interventional neuroradiologists surgically manage diseases of the vessels in the brain.

Outpatient surgery is also called same day surgery, ambulatory surgery or day surgery. It does not require an overnight hospital stay. Some patients may be admitted to the hospital after certain types of outpatient surgery such as bariatric surgery, joint replacement, or other elective surgery. The motive of the outpatient surgery is to keep hospice costs down, as well as saving the patient time that would otherwise be wasted in the hospital.

Pediatric Surgery is the branch of surgery that involves the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. It provides the highest quality care for young patients requiring surgery. Pediatric surgeons perform inpatient and outpatient surgeries, as well as pre-surgical testing and patient consultations to determine the need for an operation. Subspecialties of pediatric surgery include: neonatal surgery and fetal surgery.

Robotic surgery or computer-assisted surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery. “Minimally invasive” means that instead of operating on patients through large incisions, we use miniaturized surgical instruments that fit through a series of quarter-inch incisions. It was developed to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery. During this surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to control the instruments, either a direct telemanipulator or through computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that permits the specialist to perform the regular actions associated with the surgery while the robotic arms carry out those movements using end-effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery on the patient.

A surgical nurse is also known as a scrub nurse, specifies in preoperative care, providing care to patients before, during and after surgery. To become a theatre nurse, Registered Nurses or Enrolled Nurses must complete extra training. There are different areas that scrub nurses can emphasis in depending on which areas they are interested in. There are many different phases during surgery where the theatre nurse is needed to support and assist the patient, surgeons, surgical technicians, nurse anaesthetists and nurse practitioners. Pre-operative, they must help to organize the patient and operating room for the surgery. During the surgery, they assist the anaesthetist and surgeons when they are needed. The last phase is post-operative, enduring that the patients are provided with suitable care and treatments. 

Trauma surgery is the field of surgery that functions both operative and non-operative supervision to treat traumatic injuries, typically in an acute setting and usually emphases on the abdominal area along with any given 'Emergency' field they may be essential to serve upon by Trauma surgeons. They generally complete residency training in General Surgery and often fellowship training in trauma or surgical critical care. The trauma surgeons are responsible for initially resuscitating and stabilizing and later appraising and dealing the patient.